Seasons of Life: Infancy and Early Childhood

The following reviews the value of understanding human development over a lifetime and highlights key theories from within the first five years of life as recognized in the Seasons of Life video series. Included is a reflection on a theory of attachment, three clocks that influence life, temperament and early memories. How these theories pertain to the individual‘s early development and effects in later years will be discussed along with the author’s personal opinion. Seasons of Life: Early Perspective What appears to be universally interesting about life is people. This is evidenced by the large amount of information, resources and theories that surround people and their development. The video series Seasons of Life: Infancy and Early Childhood (1990) highlight key elements in early development and their effects that contribute toward the individual throughout their life. One theory mentioned in Seasons of Life, is that of attachment. John Bowlby expressed that innately humans are equipped at birth to cause attachment to their caregivers. If the attachment is successful the cycle should continue, acting as the foundation for healthy, successful relationships throughout the lifespan (Bowlby, 1982). Each of the child subjects in the Seasons of Life appeared to have successful attachment to their caregiver. This was regardless of whether the child stayed primarily in the home for care and was surrounded with extended family, had few local relatives, spent time in day care or had a grandparent as a main caregiver. Also reviewed in the film were three clocks that caused influence in people’s lives. The first was a biological clock. This clock was said to have the strongest influence early on, and as early as in the womb. The second was a social clock. This clock was described as society’s age related expectations of the individual at any given time (Berk, 2010). For example that people should marry in their twenties then follow with having children, et cetera. The social clock was also described as evolving with societal changes in expectations. The psychological clock was listed third and described as the passage of time in people’s lives. This timekeeper could drive people to become themselves. Examples stated were of feeling an age rather than the actual years lived and where evidence of deep long-lasting emotional attachment could be revealed in later years. Another aspect of development highlighted was temperament. A wide range of child temperaments were represented in the film. It was discussed that these dispositions would remain with the children throughout their years. Some were seen as relaxed and easy-going and others were challenging and determined. The narrator discussed that the temperaments seen in early months and years might serve the children later on toward reaching their goals. Additionally mentioned in the video, and perhaps the most impactful for me, was that the individuals search for the meaning of self could and would be directed back to their earliest memories. Concrete memories were mentioned to be available beginning around 3 to 4 years of age. Of all the information available in Seasons of Life, that of correlating my feelings of self and my earliest memories was overwhelming. As the narrator spoke, my mind wandered over many memories that, now I understand, forged much of what I have become today. Some were bitter, others sweet, and they all held an interesting explanation of why and how I have become me. I greatly enjoyed watching Seasons of Life. With a smile, I was really happy to see Mr. Rogers one more time. I have since forwarded along the website to many in the hopes it will shed light on a current struggle or awaken an understanding, just as it has for me. I plan on employing these new resources in my interactions with family and those around me while anticipating what the next episode has to offer.

Journeys Speech

To complete any Journey one must take risks and overcome obstacles. Inner or physiological Journeys are Journeys of the mind which when traveled can increase one's knowledge and sense of fulfillment. This type of Journey is explored in both Robert Frost's â€Å"The Road not Taken† and Gabriele Musician's film â€Å"The Pursuit of Happiness. † In Frost's poem the idea of decision-making is explored through the use of the extended metaphor of the two roads, â€Å"Two roads diverge in a yellow wood, And sorry I could not travel both.Frost uses this extended metaphor to illustrate that Journeys involves choices we have to make and like the split path in the woods the choice we do end up making will shape the next part of our lives. The two road are also contrasted, one said to be â€Å"having better claim† and â€Å"wanting wear. â€Å"Frost indicates here that taking the path less traveled or the riskier path has â€Å"made all the difference† and therefor e delineates the fact that although we face obstacles such as these difficult decisions in our own Journeys, when we overcome them we increase our knowledge and our self-worth.Another technique used by Frost is that of first person, which enables the audience to be included in the decisions Just as he, himself was, â€Å"Two roads diverged in a wood and I – I took the one less traveled by. † Here Frost shows his inner Journey Through his thoughts and thinks, at the caesura, about the path he has taken. Although Frost is happy with the path he took there is still a bit of regret as he will never know what would have happened if he took the other path. Musician's film â€Å"The Pursuit of Happiness† portrays the concept of an inner Journey through its protagonist Chris Gardener.A defining moment in Chrism's Journey is when he passes by a stock broking firm and learns of an internship which he'd like. In this scene Nuncio uses calm uplifting music to symbolism the opportunity which has arrived Chrism's Journey. A viceroy accompanies this scene where Chris says, â€Å"They all looked so damn happy, why couldn't I look like that. † Although over 500 applicants plied for the internship and only 20 get in Chris decides to take a risk by applying and in doing so misses the opportunity to sell his bone density scanner which would have been used to pay the rent.When Chris takes the risk of becoming an intern and later becomes a stockbroker he had to overcome many problems such as homelessness, unemployment and being a single parent but in overcoming these obstacles, he gained a sense of identity and became fulfilled. Nuncio also uses the cinematic technique of close ups to show the difficulty of risks. When Chris finds out that his internship is unpaid the camera closes in straight onto Chrism's face and all music suddenly stops.This is very effective in showing an obstacle in Chrism's Journey. Again, like Frost's poem, this adds to the idea of decision making and risk taking and thereby enhances the audience's perception of the characters' Journey. Both of these texts are affective in their uses of techniques to express the concept of effective technique as it allowed the audience to see how difficult decisions in a Rooney are made and gives an insight to what and how the character feels about this decision.Frost's poem, I believe, is open to so many different readings that may add to a responder's confusion. In studying the concepts of Journeys through my two chosen texts I have extended my knowledge and found out that Journeys involve risks and obstacles, however, if you overcome these aspects you become a better person. As David Viscose said, â€Å"If your life is ever going to get better, you'll have to take risks. There is simply no way you can grow without taking chances. â€Å"

Parity Generator

PARITY GENERATOR Vinti Thakkar Swetha Jain Riddhi Vira TE : B-3 TE : B-3 TE : B-3 Roll no : 0812103 Roll no : 0812106 Roll no : 0812114 Email : vinti. thakkar Email : shweta. mjain Email : riddhi1312 @gmail. com [email  protected] com @gmail. com AbstractSecurity is a prime concern in our day-today life. Everyone wants to be as much secure as possible. An access control for doors forms a vital link in a security chain. The microcontroller based digital lock for Doors is an access control system that allows only authorized persons to access a restricted area. The system is fully controlled by the 8 bit microcontroller AT89C2051 which has a 2Kbytes of ROM for the program memory. The password is stored in the EPROM so that we can change it at any time. The system has a Keypad by which the password can be entered through it. When the entered password equals with the password stored in the memory then the relay gets on and so that the door is opened. If we entered a wrong password for more than three times then the Alarm is switched on. 1. Introductionâ€Å"Password Based Door Security System using Microcontroller† is used in the places where we need more security. It can also used to secure lockers and other protective doors. The system comprises a number keypad and the keypads are connected to the 8 bit microcontroller AT89C2051. This is one of the popular Microcontroller. It has only 20 pins and there are 15 input/output lines. The microcontroller has a program memory of 2 Kilobytes. The microcontroller continuously monitor the keypad and if somebody enters the password it will check the entered password with the password which was stored in the memory and if it they are same then the microcontroller will switch on the corresponding device. The system will allow the person who knows the password and it will not allow who don’t know the password and the system will also show the persons who try to break the protection barrier. 3. Circuit Diagram ExplanationThe Main Part of the above Circuit diagrams is the Microcontroller AT89C2051. The Keypad was the input device and it was connected in a matrix format so that the numbers of ports needed are reduced. The Microcontroller reads a four-digit password through the Keypad. Then the Microcontroller compares the four digit password with the number which is preprogrammed and if it is equal then the Microcontroller will switch on the motor for the door and if we enter the wrong password for more than three times then an alarm will be switched on until a right password was pressed through the Keypad. The Password was stored in the EEPROM and the password can be changed at any time using the same keypad. To change the password dial 1234 –Old password- New Password. The power supply section is the important one. It should deliver constant output regulated power supply for successful working of the project. A 0-12V/500 mA transformer is used for our purpose the primary of this transformer is connected in to main supply through on/off switch& fuse for protecting from overload and short circuit protection. The secondary is connected to the diodes convert from 12V AC to 12V DC voltage. Which is further regulated to +5v, by using IC 78054. Component Details1) Resistor :Resistor is a component that resists the flow of direct or alternating electric circuit. Resistors can limit or divide the current, reduce the voltage, protect an electric circuit, or provide large amounts of heat or light. An electric current is the movement of charged particles called electrons from one region to another. Resistors are usually placed in electric circuits. Physicists explain the flow of current through a material, such as a resistor, by comparing it to water flowing through a pipe. Resistors are designed to have a specific value of resistance. Resistors used in electric circuits are cylindrical. They are often color coded by three or four color bands that indicate the specific value of resistance. Resistors obey ohm’s law, which states that the current density is directly proportional to the electric field when the temperature is constant. ) Integrated Circuits :Timer IC (555) -The LM555 is a highly stable device for generating accurate time delays or oscillation. Additional terminals are provided for triggering or resetting if desired. In the time delay mode of operation, the time is precisely controlled by one external resistor and capacitor. For astable operation as an oscillator, the free running frequency and duty cycle are accurately controlled with two external resistors and one capacitor. The circuit may be triggered and reset on falling waveforms, and the output circuit can source or sink up to 200mA or drive TTL circuits. Regulator IC (LM 7805) -The LM7805 monolithic 3-terminal positive voltage regulators employ internal current-limiting, thermal shutdown and safe-area compensation, making them essentially indestructible. If adequate heat sinking is provided, they can deliver over 1. 0A output current. They are intended as fixed voltage regulators in a wide range of applications including local (on-card) regulation for elimination of noise and distribution problems associated with single-point regulation. In addition to use as fixed voltage regulators, these devices can be used with external components to obtain adjustable output voltages and currents. Considerable effort was expended to make the entire series of regulators easy to use and minimize the number of external components. It is not necessary to bypass the output, although this does improve transient response. Input bypassing is needed only if the regulator is located far from the filter capacitor of the power supply. EEPROM (AT24C02) -The AT24C02 provides 2048 bits of serial electrically erasable and programmable read-only memory (EEPROM) organized as 256words of 8 bits each. The device is optimized for use in many industrial and commercial applications where low-power and low-voltage operation are essential. The AT24C02 is available in space-saving 8-lead PDIP, 8-lead JEDEC SOIC, 8-lead MAP, 5-lead SOT23 (AT24C02) and 8-lead TSSOP packages and is accessed via a 2-wire serial interface. In addition, the entire family is available in 2. 7V (2. 7V to 5. 5V) and 1. 8V (1. 8V to 5. 5V) versions. heck till all keys releasedK2:ACALL DEALAY ;call 20 msec delayMOV A,KEYS;see if any key is pressedANL A,#11100000B ;mask unused bitsCJNE A,#11100000B,OVER;key pressed, await closureSJMP K2OVER:ACALL DEALAYMOV A,KEYSANL A,#11100000BCJNE A,#11100000B,OVER1SJMP K2OVER1:MOV A,KEYSORL A,#11111110BMOV KEYS,ACLR ROW1MOV A,KEYSANL A,#11100000BCJNE A,#11100000B,ROW_1MOV A,KEYSORL A,#11111110BMOV KEYS,ACLR ROW2MOV A,KE YSANL A,#11100000BCJNE A,#11100000B,ROW_2MOV A,KEYSORL A,#11111110BMOV KEYS,ACLR ROW3MOV A,KEYSANL A,#11100000BCJNE A,#11100000B,ROW_3MOV A,KEYSORL A,#11111110BMOV KEYS,ACLR ROW4MOV A,KEYSANL A,#11100000BCJNE A,#11100000B,ROW_4LJMP K2ROW_1:RLC AJC MAT1MOV KEY,#01HAJMP K1MAT1:RLC AK1:CJNE R3,#01H,G1INC R3MOV N1,KEYAJMP KEYBOARDG1:CJNE R3,#02H,G2INC R3MOV N2,KEYAJMP KEYBOARDG2:CJNE R3,#03H,G3INC R3MOV N3,KEYAJMP KEYBOARDG3:CJNE R3,#04H,G4MOV R3,#01HMOV N4,KEYG4:MOV A,N1SWAP AORL A,N2MOV N2,A;HIGHER DIGITSS IN N2MOV A,N3SWAP AORL A,N4MOV N4,A;LOWER DISITS IN N4MOV A,N2CJNE A,#12H, BV1MOV A,N4CJNE A,#79H,BV1CPL L1CLR ALRMMOV COUNT,#00HAJMP KEYBOARDBV1:MOV A,N2CJNE A,#12H, BV2MOV A,N4CJNE A,#71H,BV2CPL L2CLR ALRMMOV COUNT,#00HAJMP KEYBOARDBV2:INC COUNTMOV A,COUNTCJNE A,#03H,HH1SETB ALRMMOV COUNT,#00H HH1:AJMP KEYBOARD;((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((8. AcknowledgmentsWe wish to express our profound thanks to the people around us who helped make this project a reality. Firstly, we would like to thank Ms. Vidya Daund for mentoring this project, right from the selection of the topic to its completion. Also, we would like to thank the laboratory assistants Bhakti Ma’am and Kiran Sir who have been constantly there for us whenever we were in need and helped us in whatever ways possible. We would also like to thank all those who have contributed towards the development of our project| 2. Flowchart2) Capacitor :Capacitor or electric condenser is a device for storing an electric charge. The simplest form of capacitor consists of two metal plates separated by a non touching layer called the dielectric. When one plate is charged with electricity from a direct current or electrostatic source, the other plate have induced in it a charge of the opposite sign; that is, positive if the original charge is negative and negative if the original charge is positive. The electrical size of the capacitor is its capacitance. Capacitors are limited in the amount of electric charge they can absorb; they can conduct direct current for only instances but function well as conductors in alternating current circuits. Fixed capacity and variable capacity capacitors are used in conjunction with coils as resonant circuits in radios and other electronic equipment. Capacitors are produced in a wide variety of forms. Air, Mica, Ceramics, Paper, Oil, and Vacuums are used as dielectrics depending on the purpose for which the device is intended. 3) Transistor :Transistor is a device which transforms current flow from low resistance path to high resistance path. It is capable of performing many functions of the vacuum tube in electronic circuits, the transistor is the solid state device consisting of a tiny piece of semi conducting material, usually germanium or silicon, to which three or more electrical connections are made. ) Diode :Diode is a electronic device that allows the passage of current in only one direction. The first such devices were vacuum-tube diodes, consisting of an evacuated glass or steel envelope containing two electrodes – a cathode and an anode. The diodes commonly used in ele ctronic circuits are semiconductor diodes. There are different diodes used in electronic circuits such as Junction diode, Zener diode, Photo diodes, and tunnel diode. Junction diodes consist of junction of two different kinds of semiconductor material. 5. Program (Code) :-include REG_51. PDF KEYSEQUP1ROW1EQUP1. 4ROW2EQUP1. 3ROW3EQUP1. 2ROW4EQUP1. 1COL1EQUP1. 5COL2EQUP1. 6COL3EQUP1. 7L1EQUP3. 1;3. 7L2EQUP3. 0ALRMEQUP3. DSEGORG 20HKEY:DS1N1:DS1N2:DS1N3:DS1N4:DS1COUNT:DS1CSEGORG 0000HSETB L1SETB L2CLR ALRMMOV R3,#01HMOV COUNT,#00HKEYBOARD:MOV KEY,#00HSETB COL1SETB COL2SETB COL3K11:CLR ROW1CLR ROW2CLR ROW3CLR ROW4MOV A,KEYSANL A,#11100000BCJNE A,#11100000B,K11;JC MAT2MOV KEY,#02HAJMP K1MAT2:RLC AJC K1MOV KEY,#03HAJMP K1ROW_2:RLC AJC MAT3MOV KEY,#04HAJMP K1MAT3:RLC AJC MAT4MOV KEY,#05HAJMP K1MAT4:RLC AJC K1MOV KEY,#06HAJMP K1ROW_3:RLC AJC MAT5MOV KEY,#07HAJMP K1MAT5:RLC AJC MAT6MOV KEY,#08HAJMP K1MAT6:RLC AJC K1MOV KEY,#09HAJMP K1ROW_4:RLC AJC MAT7MOV KEY,#0AHMOV COUNT,#00HMOV R3,#01HAJM P KEYBOARDMAT7:RLC AJC MAT8MOV KEY,#0BH;for 0AJMP K1MAT8:RLC AJC K1MOV KEY,#0CHDELAY:MOV R1,#50REPP2:NOPDJNZ R1,REPP2RET;((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((END6. Conclusion7. ApplicationOur electronic door lock performed as expected. We were able to implement all of the functions specified in our proposal. The biggest hurdle we had to overcome with this project was interfacing the micro controller with the hardware components. We feel that this electronic door lock is very marketable because it is easy to use, comparatively inexpensive due to low power consumption, and highly reliable. This door lock is therefore particularly useful in applications such as hotel room door locks, residential housing, and even office buildings.. 9. References 1) Microchip, AT89C2051 Data Sheet, Microchip Technology Inc. , 2003 2) Arrick Robotics, â€Å"Driving High-Power Loads with a Microprocessor,† 2005,

Dust storms Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Dust storms - Research Paper Example On the other hand, global warming is also playing a vital role in heating up the world terrain to a high extent through deforestation and discharging of industrial elements, where the climate and the environment has come under a major catastrophe. The environmental hazards and the natural disasters have covered the whole world along with the entire populace, civilizations and ecosystems with its drastic effects, that includes â€Å"dust storms, windstorms, sea storms, tornadoes, earthquakes, flood, volcanic eruption, cyclone, tsunami,  and many more† (Webster, pp. 358). Dust storm is a meteorological event that comes under definition as â€Å"A severe windstorm that sweeps clouds of dust across an extensive area, especially in an arid region† (Webster, pp. 358). In other words, a storm that carries clouds, which comes under formation by dust through a very powerful unsettled and destructive wind, travels numerous miles in a region that tends to be dry and infertile. P arched and warm air comes under frequent alliance with the sand storm that is obvious and noticeable by massive pressures. A dust storm varies through their volume and the larger storm may engross and occupy pace of the particles that depend upon the wind haulage. One of the biggest calamities of dust storm that came under the experience by the inhabitants of United States occurred in the decade of 1930s, which brought mammoth corrosion to the soils and farms, and caused material hardships as well that made a big faction of the population to relinquish their homes. The blending and amalgamation of environmental aspects with human activities results in the happenings of dust storms. In general, the storm leave drastic affects on to the people as it breach and create obstruction in the air, road, and rail transportation, which compel the denizens to go in the house in order to get protection from the dangerous dusty air. These storms have such a strong impact that often, people come u nder coercion to depart from their residence and go through the course of sand and grime came with the storm. The strong dust cloud welcomes the natives who are outside due to work or other reasons and they experience the consequences of the storm (Heinrichs, pp. 4-9). The contributions of two factors that include the transfer of coarse that is flat and parallel; bits and pieces of dust sized; and the fluctuation of excellent minute elements that is upright makes up the course of action of the sand release and discharge. The small elements come under emission into the air in the form of nano-elements that erodes from the coarse elements such as the face of water bodies, where it comes under interruption by the hauling of meteorological turmoil that can be for thousands of miles. The impact of the dismissal or ejections of dust particles are significant on the marines and the output or the yield of world as they endow and enrich the environmental supplements and food. The containeriz e of coarse also has an effect on the conditions, attributes and elements of air moving. The assimilation and dispersion of the radiations from the sun through inorganic droplets, brings a change to the

GCSE in Mathematics Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

GCSE in Mathematics - Literature review Example Factually there is no doubt that some subjects are more difficult than others, mathematics is one such subject. Mathematics is hard to some students because of the fear factor arising from inferiority feeling. The students feel that they are not smart enough. Mathematics is likened to sports where practice gives better results and understanding of terms used in Mathematics is quite challenging to some students. Mathematics is sequential subject just like science or engineering where the right answer can be gotten in different ways and concepts build from a previous one. In most cases the math courses move at a fast pace. All these factors may determine if a whether students hate or love mathematics. Graham (2004) defines web applications as programs that run on Web servers and use Web pages as the user interface. He notes this new kind of software will be cheaper and more powerful than the regular software for desktops. He further remarks that early computer users have already long d iscovered the benefits of moving applications from the hard disk and starting to use Web-based applications which can be accessed from any computer connected to the Internet. Ackermann (2007) asserts that the internet and the World Wide Web have had a profound effect on the way people find information and do research. He attributes this to the astounding increase in the amount of information resources available and the tools available for finding information. BENEFITS OF WEB SYSTEMS Db net solutions (2007) explain a number of benefits of web systems. Web Cross platform compatibility is one of them. Most web based applications are far more cross platform compatible than traditional installed software. The minimum system requirements would be web browsers that are available for a multitude of operating systems and run the web application. Web applications are also more manageable; web based systems need only be installed on the server placing minimal requirements on the end user works tation. The maintenance and update of the system is much simpler as usually it can all be done on the server. Updates are normally done via the web server with relative ease. Due to the manageability and cross platform support deploying web applications to the end user is far easier. Web based applications are ideal in bandwidth limited networks and the system and data is remote. You simply need to send the user a website address to log in to and provide them with internet access. This means that web applications are highly deployable. In web based systems the systems and processes can often be consolidated reducing the need of moving data. This type of applications also provides an added layer of security by removing the need for the user to have access to the data and back end servers. Web based applications are far less costly due to reduced support and lower end user system requirements and simplified architecture. Paul Stanley software (2013) also has a good literature on the b enefits of interactive web applications and hold that they are highly advantageous in that no special configuration or changes  are needed on  user's PCs. It was argued that they have lower costs compared to standalone or desktop applications and that Web applications centralize data which makes the data secure and easy to backup. Updates can be made quickly and information is accessible to a wide audience anywhere in the world available 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. Web applications also have the advantage that everybody has a browser. The familiar interface of the browsers encourages use of web systems and applications.Learning exercises can be done at user's own time and pace

Professionalism in Environmental Public Health Essay

Professionalism in Environmental Public Health - Essay Example Environmental Public Health is the key to enhanced living standards and culminates spread of various diseases. This essay’s principal concern is on the additional knowledge required by medical officers to help deter the environment from being infectious to human beings. Herein are the results of professionalism in environmental Public Health. There is also the motive of the program instituted to outlay several health guiding principals. Moreover, the essay entails important reasons for professionalism. The essay also encompasses advantages of hygienic human environments. Environmental Health refers to the ill health of human beings subject to infection by the changes in the surroundings. The environment is the source of all most of the human infections. There are people acquainted with information regarding the ways of keeping the environment safe for living creatures. Within the segment of environmental Health, there exist health practitioners falling under different categories (Canadian institute of Public Health inspectors). For instance, assignment of duties depends on the education level of that individual. Practitioners of human health under the environmental grounds should ensure that there is a guideline about the environmental health hazards. Moreover, it is vital for the consultants to give directives to human kind regarding body reactions when ill or after treatment. On the other hand, there is Public Health, a branch of science that encompasses various ways of curing illnesses. In case of illness on the human being’s body, there are dimensions taken to heal off the diseases. In order to enhance the health of people living in diverse communities, there are preventive measures taken to hinder infections and also deter the spread of infectious diseases. However, medication is essential for enhancing a longer stay in the community. Establishment of the public health intervention program is of effect, as it helps in outlaying better

How to Be a Successful Investor Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

How to Be a Successful Investor - Essay Example Market efficiency Eugene Fama in 1970 developed the concept of market efficiency on the basis of EMH (efficient market hypothesis). He suggested that at any given time the prices of stocks are purely dependent on the information present in the stock market regarding stock or overall market (Moyer, McGuigan & Kretlow 2008). He also concluded that no one can efficiently predict the exact future return on any stock because no one has access to the information which is not easily be predicted or available to everyone else (Damodaran 2002). Fama divided efficiency of a market into three levels: Strong-form efficiency Shows that stock price truly reflects all the information available, whether it is public or private. Investors did not get any additional value because it is quite impossible to predict the prices. Even the availability of insider information does not benefit the investor in any way (Moyer, McGuigan & Kretlow 2008). Semi-strong efficiency Movement of asset prices truly refle cts the availability of public information; therefore investor having insider information gets the investing advantage. The investor does not get any stock advantage through any fundamental or technical analysis. Weak form efficiency   Type of efficiency which states that today’s Prices of assets and securities shows the reflection of past prices. Therefore, technical analysis is useless to predict the prices in order to beat the market (Chandra 2008). Efficient market hypothesis (EMH) is also called as Random Walk Theory (Hebner 2006). This theory suggests that the movement or fluctuation of the stock price is a true proposition of all the related information regarding the value of the company that is available in the market. According to this theory, nobody earns profit more than the overall return of the market. In other words, it can be said that depending on the available information everyone earns the same level of return on the investment of stock. There are some cri tics of this theory that are related to fundamental and electrifying issues of finance. For example, why the price of stock change frequently and what are the factors that cause this change. All the stock related information has very important value for both investors as well as financial managers (Cai 2009). The concept of â€Å"Efficient market â€Å"was first developed by Eugene Fama in 1965 and he said that â€Å"in an efficient market, on the average, competition will cause the full effects of new information on intrinsic values to be reflected "instantaneously" in actual prices.† (Arffa 2001) The primary target of all the investors and finance managers is to invest in the stock that outperforms the market and provide more return as compared to other stocks. Similarly, most of the investor selects the securities that are undervalued having expectations that their price will beat the market, and in the end, they get their desired return. All these decisions are based on different valuation techniques of stocks, future expectation and predictions depending on the available information. Effective use of the valuation techniques and prediction enables the investor to get more return on the investment made.

PROJECT CHARTER, SCOPE MANAGEMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

PROJECT CHARTER, SCOPE MANAGEMENT - Essay Example In addition, more than 2000 employees are currently working for Alotaibi Business Group. Moreover, this company wants to train their staff, they have to send them to third party training centers. In this scenario these training centers charge a lot of money for staff skills development and training. Thus, there is a great deal of need for building a staff training center at business premises because it will help Alotaibi Business Group save a lot of money by offering proper skills management and training to their staff. In addition, the absence of training center requires from Alotaibi Business Group to send their employees to outside the organization training centers and it is very costly for the reason that Alotaibi Business Group has a staff of 2000 people. The establishment of a new training center at the Alotaibi Business Group premises will offer an excellent support for in-house staff training and handling. It will also offer an excellent support for management of staff working and operations. In fact, the development of this training center will potentially reduce the overall human resource training cost to 50%. So there are a lot of new opportunities for the business such as cost reduction, time and money saving and so many more. This project will have some exclusion. These elements will not be a part of this project or a training center. The first element is the recruitment of a staff trainer that will not be a part of this project. Here this project will not entitle any process of recruiting new staff members and their interviews. The next important factor is that this project will not involve the staff food and eating arrangement. Here we will not be responsible for arranging refreshment or lunch for the staff. The successful establishment of a new training center for Alotaibi Business Group will offer them a lot of benefits. In this scenario, one of the

Armenian Organized Crime Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Armenian Organized Crime - Essay Example Currently, the syndicate possesses’ strong public relations that enable it collaborate with bank personnel while executing their schemes through installing register devices to temper with the client’s accounts. Primarily, this group specializes in narcotic trafficking, kidnapping and utilizing technological knowhow to siphon funds from bank accounts (Lovett, 2011). The members steal from banks via fixing credit card â€Å"skimming† gadgets that acquire clients’ accounts’ status prior making bogus debit and credit cards. In some incidences, the gang may be for hire to execute extermination acts. For instance, in politics or business deals where diverse persons keep resentment against their counterparts. This ensures the targeted victim does not benefit from the disputed plan that yields to one’s demise (Albanese, 2012). Currently there are no stipulated laws that â€Å"regulate† organized crime, except civil statutes that try to â€Å"control† it, for instance, RICO Act (Conklin, 2010). The statute involves trying the syndicates’ bosses for the evils they have ordered their subjects to undertake and exempts the doers from punishment. Since the lawbreakers acted not from their will but forced  due to the gang’s loyalty, which entails total adherence. RICO does not effectively curb organized crime, since it only deals with the leaders while the subjects go scot-free (Lovett, 2011). This gives the doers a chance to be more sophisticated in their dealings, hence contributing in creating more numerous similar gangs. Law enforcing units’ estimate that Armenian Crime Syndicate has cost their victims at least $20 Million especially via money laundering and stealing from banks (Lovett, 2011). Additionally, the syndicate has yielded to rampant usage of hard drugs especially among the youths, since they are the drugs’ kingpins (Albanese, 2012). This affects the society grievously because they render youths being

A reflective paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

A reflective paper - Essay Example One day, as I was checking my emails, I saw an email titled â€Å"Congratulations! You won the Lottery Competition.† I quickly tried to think which lottery had I applied in that I might have won, but nothing came to my mind. I opened the email, and it said that I had been randomly chosen by a company through my email address for a lottery with a prize worth $10,00,000 few months ago, and that in the latest lucky draw, my email was the one that was picked for the first prize from among hundreds of thousands of email addresses. My adrenaline level increased and I could feel sparks flash down by spine. Just by the mere thought of becoming a million dollar richer overnight, I was having goose-bumps. My stomach was lurching with excitement and I almost screamed. My sister playing at a distance of a few yards came running towards me and asked what had happened. I said, â€Å"Anna, I won the lottery!† She asked me to show her the email and I did. She also got very excited but I’m sure a bit jealous too. The next thing I did was read the email in detail so as to know how to get to the money. The email showed the complete procedure. It required me to give them my name, my identity card number, my bank account number, my citizenship, my country and such other details. I wondered why somebody might need so many details to transfer the money to my bank account. Principally, the bank account number should have sufficed. I kept reading further to find that the company also required a down-payment of $100 from me first as a processing fee. I thought what to do. The opportunity was too big to forget but depositing $100 was not easy either as I didn’t have any money as I did not do any job at that time. I replied to the email asking them to deduct $100 from my prize money and send me the balance, but the next day I got their response saying that the company’s law did not allow that. I decided to consult my parents and friends. When I did, they told me to beware and

1.3&1.4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

1.3
.4 - Essay Example In as much as every medical personnel has some insight on these effects, different professionals have varying levels of competence (understanding) in each field as a result of various specializations. This network of assistance is evidenced, for instance, when an occupational therapist decides that it is essential for the patient to communicate over the phone with their child, say in Melbourne. This is however difficult because the stroke suffered by the client has left them with a wanting arm’s motions range and scapulohumeral rhythm. In this case, a speech therapist is needed to ascertain whether the patient is able to use the mouth muscles in talking with the child while a physiotherapist ensures the patient utilize the arms and shoulders well by putting them through certain exercise regimes such as the range of motion exercises. In the example above, the consenting patient gets the best health care provision and therapy from the sound collaboration of these three medical professionals. Effective communication strategies between the three fields of healthcare ensure that all the relevant data and outcomes concerning the client are shared. This results in the best possible delivery of health care. Different health care workers have various beneficial views on healthcare that may stand in good stead for a particular client condition. Collaborative approach to healthcare instills confidence in the family of the patient and ensures that the families do not see the need to unnecessarily shift the patient from one doctor to another of different view or from one hospital to the next. There is thus continuity and progress in provision of care. The central theme of communication amongst medical workers became evident during the handover, in the movie, between the two nurses. In the first case between the two nurses, the

Leadership Imperatives in the Arab-American University Essay Example for Free

Leadership Imperatives in the Arab-American University Essay Leadership in a school of higher and advanced learning such as the Arab-American University requires collaborative and confrontational challenges with a number of issues, typical but not limited to that of any educational institution. Such issues as cultural diversity, inclusivity, intellectual activities such as research and instruction, social involvements such as community extension services, students affairs, finance, marketing, strategic business models, organizational theories, profitability and shareholder value, political and social congruencies and differences, among others, often create deep chasms to and between the various school sectors that are ironically bound by a common purpose – quality education. This is made more demanding when Arab and American views are integrated in a single community. What unique leadership and management model therefore would apply under such a sensitive configuration? What risk management intervention would constantly prevail? What residual risks or synergy, if any, would be evident? Leadership and management in an educational institution are perhaps among the most formal, sensitive and confrontational roles a professional can assume. Business organizations established for profit are far easier managed and led as there is that environment and mandate of compliance required of every employee based on employment contracts and agreements. This compliance system gives the manager the elbow room to adopt an organizational approach under a theory x or y scenario. Admittedly, discipline under an entrepreneurial undertaking is demanded primarily to meet shareholder value targets and for survival secondarily. Universities are considered more complex than most organizational systems as they demand the most professional processes than any other institution. Schools are assumed to be the fount and cradle of learning, hence a strong exemplary modeling of instructors and administrators are always the subject of intensive scrutiny among other sectors. Would this university therefore require a business-like management style or an organization leadership mix that is as fluid as the socio-cultural and political dimensions? . In an age where socio-cultural and political diversities are characterized with the widest spectra and extremes, the establishment of an Arab-American intellectual Mecca can be expected to require the most intense professional and socio-cultural leadership anywhere. This study would be interested in identifying areas of collaboration while addressing confrontational issues and risks along the process. Similarly, the relevance of this study along multicultural settings in complex and diverse forms and in highly professional environment would transcend, even revolutionize all assumptions, hypothesis and even all forms of propositions about multicultural biases. Brief history of the Arab-American University The Arab-American University (AAU) was established in 1973 as non-sectarian, non-profit and non-government institution of higher learning. Its primary purpose is to address the educational needs of Arab-Americans starting from preschool to basic, secondary, higher education, to graduate and post-graduate levels. Among its goals and objectives include providing full scholarships to families of indigent but intellectually capable members of the Arab-American community in a specific area with a relatively high density of Arab-American families. While the university accepts Muslim students, it also caters to students from other religious and cultural denominations and groups.. The university is primarily a combination of a business college strongly oriented towards information technology and engineering courses, both technical and baccalaureate degrees. The university is composed of seven schools: the Schools of Business Management, Hospitality Management, Accountancy, Nursing and Midwifery, Medicine, Arts, Political and the Social Sciences, Polytechnic Institute composed of the Departments of Architecture, Computer Science, Electronic Communications Engineering, Civil and Mechanical Engineering and Fine Arts, its flagship programs includes Accountancy where it ranks among the top 50 business schools in the United States, Electronics Communications Engineering, Nursing, Hospitality Management and Mechanical Engineering. All seven schools are verticalized with their respective graduate schools. As of the year 2008, the university boasted a population of 30,000 highly selected students and scholars from 25 states and 15 countries mostly from the Middle East and Asian countries. Its student population increases by an average of 15 per cent and expected to hit 50,000 by 2012. Presently, it maintains two campuses – the Chicago and Urbana Campuses, each with its own charter and separate sets of faculty. All courses are offered in both campuses. For the last three years, AAU has garnered a number of academic awards, including twelve top researches awards in Accountancy, Computer Sciences, Nursing, Electronic Communications Engineering Awards. As of December 31, 2008, the school started to become consistent in its passing rate for the Accountancy, Nursing and Engineering courses all averaging about 80 per cent against the national norm of 40 per cent. For nursing, AAU has started to register a 100 per cent passing rate in the Nursing Board Examinations. All colleges and schools in the university are headed by a Dean of the College and are assisted by a Vice Dean with a pool of Academic Chairs for each of the courses or majors within the college. A Faculty secretary is the administrative officer of each college or school and must be a holder of a doctor’s degree in any of the courses in the college where he or she is assigned. The faculty secretary is the point person of every college but maintains a built-in six units of academic load in addition to his full-time administrative work. The university boasts of complete state of the art facilities for all of its laboratory classes including its basic education department. Its library is one of the most complete, up-to-date libraries in the world with the most comprehensive collection of traditional and electronic materials. During the last five years, the university has been the recipient of awards for excellence in community involvement and extension services. Its research center laboratory enjoys an endowment fund from where it trains and maintains its pool of researchers from the ranks of the faculty. Leadership Efficiency and Effectiveness and the primary key concepts adopted in the university Just like any school of advanced learning, the university is a complex organization that adheres to the mission, vision, goals and objectives it has demanded from itself and its academic and non-academic employees the highest standards of professionalism, responsiveness, community involvement, strong, visible and dynamic research-orientations and the disciplinary but compassionate relationship maintained with the students of all levels. To be effective and efficient, the university periodically asserted its need to formalize and communicate its strategic, tactical and operational plan in the same other successful organizations do. (Robbins, 2003). Looking ahead and beyond the current situations in the industry, (in this case the education sector) brings uncertainties and risks into the open and allows the organization a clear means of managing, confronting and even avoiding those uncertainties and risks. (Shaw,2003). The university makes sure that it conducts its strategic planning session annually before the onset of the succeeding year in time for translating the strategic level into the tactical component as well as operationalizing the tactical level. (Anthony Govindarajan, 2001). Similarly, AAU never fails to conduct an evaluation and assessment of its preset plans as means of determining where it is and what constraining and enabling factors it is experiencing. (Atkinson et al, 2003). This evaluation additionally renders the university an effective means of addressing change (Koller as cited by Robbins, 2003). These planning and change management processes articulates AAUs assertion of leadership under inherent socio-cultural complexities through clear visioning and communication initiatives to all its stakeholders that for many years, have been encouraged to actively participate in the planning sessions. This has greatly contributed to the overwhelming atmosphere of professionalism in the university. The senior administrators of AAU may not have formal training on complexity management, but their organizational leadership styles enable the attainment of an enviable cohesiveness as a team with a common purpose of being; that of addressing ignorance and mediocrity where they are needed. AAU’s uniqueness stems from its capability to harness its management with the leadership character to instill regulatory and policy compliance without having to assert authority and power in between (House cited by Robbins, 2003). It is surprising that even under intense pressure to compete and manage the scarce resources provided endowment; the AAU is able to integrate the sensitive and complex balance scorecard approach in its strategic decision making. (Kaplan Norton, 2004). The university attributes this success factor on its priority for choosing its leaders under the trait theory that focuses on the personal qualities along charisma, exemplary modeling, attitude, enthusiasm and even personal traits common to both cultures as courage and determination. (Robbins,2003). Despite rigorous studies on identifying leadership traits for its management, supervisory and staff positions, the university correlates traits such as drive and ambition, integrity which includes honesty and sincerity, competence along knowledge and skills and even sense of sacrifice. (Robbins,2003). The university however, continues to experience a dearth of this type of managers with the leadership dimension due to the expansion and establishment of similar institutions outside of the United States. Thus, aware of this constraint, AAU emphasizes its executive and management development training programs to prepare the transition of its key people towards the great demand for exemplary modeling (DelaTorre, 2006); that is, managers and leaders who took initiatives to address the personal needs of the employees as means of making them more productive in the process. (Robbins, 2003). The university seldom experiences the risks of the groupthink factor (Shafritz Ott on Janis,1992) as it respects the need for all decision makers to be extremely knowledgeable and skilled in the decision making processes. Being a part of its strategic objectives, the annual development programs encourage AAU employees to be continuously motivated, through the behavioral theory approach, effectively deciding as a team in addressing organizational objectives. This motivational drive expands the employees horizons and capabilities towards job satisfaction and sustainable learning and growth of its human capital (Kaplan Norton, 2003). As a result, AAU has achieved in just 25 years what other universities tried to accomplish in a century and under the most challenging multicultural scenarios. On one hand, the leadership and management mix being adopted in the university guarantees and assure empowerment of units and people towards autonomy and self-regulation. This is granted after intensive training on decision making and university processes that includes appreciation and utilization of marketing researches and theories in support of policy formulation and implementation. The immense authorities and power given especially to the respective heads of offices, primarily the Deans of Colleges and Schools, are always tempered with management control systems to guide all decisions towards achievement of goals every inch of the way. The resultant good governance, control and transparency outcomes of this empowerment initiatives unburdens the senior management with operational concerns, thus allowing this level a clear focus on the strategic direction of the university and strengthening its social and political influence through good governance and risk management processes (Shaw,2003) On the other hand, the administrative efficiency has been excellently adopted through specialization and responsibility accounting that enables units to address issues at every level strengthening the span of control while focusing tasks towards a specific class of clients, concerns and even the university campus designated purposely for the educational services. (Shafrits Ott on Simon, 1992). The leadership styles and practices exercised by the AAU stakeholder group are creating new levels of efficiency and effectiveness in the hierarchy and creating precedents as well as new theories to emerge in the realm of university value-based (Koller, 1994) management and organizational leadership. These new learning and growth perspectives have revolutionized the balanced scorecard (Horngren et al, 2000) and stakeholder principles (DelaTorre, 2006) with an exemplary mix of leadership innovations. Despite the control risks that mix might be spawned by the staff turnovers experienced during the last few years, the university has maintained a loyalty index of more than ten years among its people. This is a sustainability plus factor in human resource management of the school. Other key principles and concepts adopted In the area of instruction, research and extension services for example, excellence in the classroom is primarily driven by a strongly motivated select members of the faculty pool whose training and development focus is based on aligning the needs of the teachers with the needs of the university. This congruency theory in objectives (DelaTorre, 2006) allows for mutual and beneficial relationship between faculty providers and students. The intervention theory (Shafrits Ott on Argyris, 1992) in organizations demands a strong psychotherapy approach (Rogers Roethlisberger, 2000) to communications. The theory presupposes the presence of a special relationship between people to enable openness and transparency among constituents. Teachers display this practice in terms of open and complementary student advising and counseling sessions not only as part of the intervention process but a critical part of the formation process in education. Students need and demand attention in the form of interventions especially in difficult and complex scenarios they find themselves in the process of earning a degree. Thus this psychotherapy theory helps in providing a strong motivational environment in the classroom opens avenues for students to be creative and enthusiastic about their career plans. Secondarily, this special attention given to student clientele becomes a strong promotional and marketing tool for the university in attracting students even from those school already established. The need for any intensive advertising and marketing efforts to project the identity of the schools are addressed by the students themselves who become informal marketing and testimonial proofs of quality education. This has expanded the market of the university even to those non-Arab-Americans who appreciate the philosophy that the school articulates and manifests through its graduates. Managing and leading a university in the current socio-economic environment becomes problematic even under the various principles of organization (Shafritz and Ott on Cohen and March, 1992). These anarchic ambiguities of purpose, power, experience and success can render even the most competent university president to fail in some circumstances in due time. Thus the management and organizational leadership mix is both critical and mandatory. This allows the president to grab the appropriate management and leadership tool at a given situation and scenario and exert and even allow certain precedent-setting decisions to effect changes with the least minimum resistance or optimum cooperation. Thus, inability along this line runs the risk of getting confused with his leadership character or manager authority or some hybrid in between. For AAU, the consultation process with the constituents and stakeholders becomes the medium by which decision critical to every office head’s functions are articulated. This explores the best idea possible while addressing and dissipating potential resistance to any innovations and measures not easily understood or appreciated.

Canadas Involvement In World War Two History Essay

Canadas Involvement In World War Two History Essay The day World War 2 was announced Canada was still part of the British Commonwealth and the pressure was on them to join the war effort too. Canada did join the war eventually but took a full week to make the final decision after Britain. This decision later would either make or break the victory of the Allies. The majority of Canada greatly contributed to World War 2 by helping Britain greatly financially, providing the Allies with supplies for the war effort and by persuading its citizens to join the army, air force, factories. The greatest weapon, that was mandatory for success was money and wealth. Canada played a major role in providing large amounts of money to the Allies to help with the war effort. Throughout the deadly war, Canada had contributed three billion dollars to Britain and supplied weapons and military vehicles (141, Bryce). By the end of the world war, the British land force was armed with 60 percent Canadian made small rifles, Bren guns and anti-tank weapons. Also, hundreds of Canadian made aircrafts such as the mustangs, hurricanes, and Spitfires. 40 percent of the heavy bomber units used by the RAF were manufactured in Canada (Stacey, Encyclopedia). In the beginning of the war, Britain had eighty thousand military vehicles, but in the escape of Dunkirk they lost seventy five thousand of them. Not only did Canada supply weapons and war materials but Canadas automotive business helped gain the loss of their military vehicles. Not only did Canada re-manufacture what was lost, but they also produced a surplus amount for Britain (Total Effort, Globe and Mail). This shows how willing the citizens and the government were to stop the Nazi Regime. Canada is the nation, Canadians are the people, and Canadians are who helped the allies to gain this victory. September of 1939, 58,337 men and women enlisted in the Canadian Armed Forces. Aside from the fifty thousand in the Canadian army, large groups of Canadians joined the British army, especially in the Royal Air Force. About 3,000 had joined the Royal Canadian Navy in 1939, even though it was small crew it still played an integral role in many of the battles. Another 80,000 Canadians had volunteered for the navy but their services werent needed because the war had ended, before sixty ships and 13,500 men had the chance to be deployed (Veterans Affairs Canada, 2009). The greatest movement between the citizens was during the peak time of the war, when 439,000 women started to work in the service sector, 373,000 in manufacturing and 4,000 in construction. This was significant because the women werent mentally and physically prepared to work in such a small notice. Since for many g enerations women have only stayed home to nurture the children and take care of the house. Going into factories to produce items, let alone weaponry is a big transformation to their or anyones lifestyles (Canadian War Industry, 2007). War is a very a broad word, that combines all the battles that occurred into one category, but if the war is broken down to pieces there are many individual battles that can be analyzed in which Canada had an important role in. Operation D-Day is just one of the important battles that Canada leads the allies to a victory. D-Day was the allied invasion of Normandy, also remembered as the greatest seaborne invasion in history, which was just an 80 km wide stretch of land made up of five individual beaches. Canada was given the middle beach which shows that the allies really trusted the Canadian forces in doing a spectacular job. In total there were about 155,000 soldiers, nearly 5,000 ships, 50,000 vehicles and 11,000 planes were established for the assault. Canada had a share of 14,000 soldiers that were planned to land on the beaches; about another 500 were intended to be drop behind enemy lines by parachute or gliders. The Royal Canadian Navy and Royal Canadian Air Force supported t he invasion by deploying 10,000 sailors, Lancaster bombers and Spitfire fighters. With such an armed squad they landed on the shores of Juno Beach where they were part of the British Second Army, under the command of British Lt. General Miles Dempsey. The units were however from all across the country, ranging from North Nova Scotia Highlanders, to the Canadian Scottish Victoria. The plan was carried out at 6 am in the morning with a high artillery strike of the beaches, in within an hour the soldiers were far away from the ships they had landed in. Exactly two hours later, the Canadians had devastated Juno beach and the German army was defenseless (CBC News, 2009). Everyhand feed baby that the world thought Canada was by Britain, was drastically changed after World War 2

Compulsory and Voluntary Voting Policies in Democracy

Compulsory and Voluntary Voting Policies in Democracy The right to a free and fair vote is a staple in the democratic process. However, there is debate over whether or not this process is best implemented when the population has the choice to engage in the political system or whether or not it should be mandated.[1] Many people claim that the best system to follow is the one that they are a part of, however in countries where different voting policies are implemented; there is empirical data that can be used to determine whether compulsory voting or voluntary voting produces better results and whether it tends to enhance the quality of democracy. Yet many people will still argue that just analyzing empirical data is not enough to determine whether or not compulsory voting more democratic due to intrinsic reasons. Both of these approaches make it difficult to discern whether or not compulsory voting is more democratically favourable however upon analysis of the two different voting systems, I have found that the arguments that oppose com pulsory voting are not substantive enough to discredit the evidence as to why it does improve upon the essence of democracy. That is why in this essay I argue that compulsory voting does enhance the quality of democracy. What does it mean to enhance the quality of democracy and what is the importance of determining how to advance it? Democracy, at its most basic definition, means the rule by the people. When analyzing the quality of democracy of a state, what is being analyzed is how well the citizens of that state (the people) are represented in the policies that are passed. If the democratic representatives of the government pass laws that a majority of the people in the state do not want, then the quality of democracy is poor. It is not the people that are ruling in this case, but rather the elite few. The issue of compulsory versus voluntary voting is a very relevant issue in todays day and age because a lot of people are disenfranchised by politics. People lose faith in their political system because they feel like they are not being represented. This in turn leads to a less politically active society which is not concerned by the issues that affect them and then often times their lives are made worse due to their lack of input in the policies that are passed. This circular downwards spiral further alienates people and future voters, demonstrating the need for maximizing representation in democratic political systems. The quality of the system cannot be improved until the people are represented to the nations fullest potential. When analyzing which voting system would be the best to implement in order to enhance democracy, it is important to evaluate societies where these different voting styles are implemented. The American voting system is an ideal case study when considering the effects of voluntary voting. The United States and its citizens pride themselves on being a shining example of freedom and democracy. To many people across the world, it has become synonymous with the idea of a perfect democratic system which all other nations strive to achieve. However statistically, the vast majority of citizens in the United States are very poorly represented by their democratic government[2]. For example, a study done by Princeton and Northwestern Universities found that on economic policies, the policy preferences of the average citizen only get implemented less than 20% of the time while the policies preferred by business interests and economic elites are implemented the vast majority of the time, demonstra ting how the median citizen or median voter at the heart of theories of Majoritarian Electoral Democracy does not do well when put up against economic elites and organized interest groups[3]. This in turn leads to the main flaw with the voluntary voting system. People refuse to be involved in the democratic process because they lose faith in their representatives. This in turn leads to worse social and economic situations for the majority of citizens in the state. The United States is a prime example of this. The United States has a relatively low election turnout rate, ranking 22nd in the modern world.[4] The United States is also has the highest total global personal wealth yet 80.56% of that wealth resides among the top few.[5] In fact, more than three quarters of all Americans are living paycheck-to-paycheck.[6] With a voluntary voting system, the American government tends to leave the people behind in favour big money interests. A defining argument in favour of compulsory votin g is that compulsory voting will alleviate the socio-economic inequalities in a society because if everyone voices which policies they want to see implemented into their law, then the politicians will be severely pressured into pushing for those policies if they wish to stay elected, and hence policies that benefit the majority of the people will be implemented.[7] Americans and others who believe in that voluntary voting is more beneficial than compulsory voting will refute this claim by stating that if you force non-politically active citizens to vote, you cannot infer that they will vote in their own interests because they would not have a good understanding on who to vote for to implement their ideas.[8] They claim that people who would stay home and not vote in a voluntary system would just vote arbitrarily in a compulsory system. The flaw with this objection is that it assumes that everyone who doesnt vote does so because they have absolutely zero interest in voting. There are many reasons that people do not vote in a voluntary system other than being apolitical. For example, voting could be a large enough inconvenience for so poorer people so they decide to stay home.[9] People also choose not to vote even though they have policy opinions because they believe their vote is just one in a million so it doesnt make a difference and furthermore could just lack the motivation to express vote.[10] If all these people were pressured to vote, the elected representatives would better represent the views of the overall population and democracy would be enhanced. Australias voting system is the antithesis of Americas. If you are over 18, it is your legal duty to register to vote and to go the polls. Failure to do this will result in a fine and a potential day in court.[11] This form of pressure is meant to increase the participation levels in elections and better represent the will of the public. Multiple studies have been done checking if this theory translates to real world policy and they all come to the same conclusion: [Compulsory voting] can increase the salience of elections and make voting more rational and meaningful and it can enhance and protect such values as representativeness, legitimacy and political equality. It also has the potential to break the counterproductive cycle of low efficacy, alienation, non-participation and state neglect that has led to an increasingly moribund political culture.[12] The studies found that compulsory voting remedied one of the biggest problems with voluntary voting which is the Socio-economic status voting gap.[13] When observing the history of Australias voting population before the compulsory voting law was passed, it was revealed that turnout disproportionally represented those in higher socio-economic status while many people who were in a lower economic status abstained from voting for a various amount of reasons.[14] Many people who argue in favour of voluntary voting disagree with the idea that the socio-economic status voting gap should be addressed by compulsory voting because they claim that if peoples lives were already very burdensome so much so that they didnt vote when they had the opportunity because it was so inconvenient, then there shouldnt be a law that inconveniences them further by forcing them to vote.[15] The problem with this argument is that it misses the fact that peoples lives became less burdensome because of them bein g represented in their system[16], and so compulsory voting was for their own good, and hence the quality of democracy improved. When evaluating whether or not compulsory voting enhances democracy, people who  support voluntary voting say that simply analyzing statistics is not enough. They claim that a reflection must be done on whether compulsory voting is right by the fundamental nature of democracy. One of the aspects in measuring the legitimacy of democracy is checking if there is A free and independent citizenry[17]. This means that the public has absolute freedom of speech and a right to protest, demonstrate, and preach with dissent from the government. The argument then comes up that abstention from voting is a form of expression, and therefore any attempt to remove this democratic right would be dictatorial and would actually be diminishing democracy, not enhancing it.[18] However, this claim is refuted by the idea of the social contract. The social contract is the pillar upon which authority is given legitimacy in a democratic state. By choosing to live in a democratic system, the collective is obl igated to contribute to certain areas of society. As with paying taxes and jury duty, compulsory voting is just another duty that the citizens of a state are obligated to comply with under the social contract. Since the social contract is the strongest case made for accepting authority in a democracy, then having compulsory voting as a citizen duty would not tarnish the quality of a democracy because it would seen as legitimate. In countries like Australia where compulsory voting has become the status-quo, it is not thought of as dictatorial or tyrannical in anyway.[19] It has become a culturally accepted norm. However, countries where this idea is viewed as taboo would view this as an attack on freedom. A case study by Lisa Hill on Americas low voter turnout found that the idea of being compelled to vote is anathema to many Americans and it would undoubtedly meet with vigorous resistance on a number of fronts.[20] Unless there is a cultural shift that would allow the assimilation o f these kinds of new ideas, compelling people to vote could possibly weaken the quality of democracy in countries like America because their citizenry would have a difficult time integrating it into their established system. However, there are ways to remedy these rejections of policy. Hill explains that methods that have been approached to improve public acceptance of compulsory voting were to clarify existing requirements, give the people optional preferential voting, and to expand the voters option for political expressions. The objections to implementing compulsory voting are rooted in status-quo biases and are under the assumption that it is not possible to change the cultural views of citizens on policies which have not been adapted yet. These objections falls flat due to these policies being implemented into other countries successfully through smart execution plans and therefore it has increased the quality of democracy, not decreased it. Compulsory voting enhances the quality of democracy because it provides a better representation the needs of all the people in society. When analyzing a country without compulsory voting such as America, it is found that the views of the people are not what is represented by the policies that end up being passed because a large majority of the people who tend to be lower class do not engage in their political system. However, in a country that does have compulsory voting such as Australia, the socio-economic status voting gap is greatly diminished and the policies that end up being passed are more representative of what the people want. Many common objections to compulsory voting are that it is burdensome and it decreases freedom. These objections do not hold up because in countries where it is implemented, the system ends up benefitting more people and becomes culturally accepted to the point where it does not become an issue. Therefore, compulsory voting does end up producing bette r results and improves the quality of democracy. Bibliography Beck, Katie. Australia election: Why is voting compulsory? BBC News, August 27, 2013. DeSilver, Drew. U.S. voter turnout trails most developed countries. Pew Research Center, August 02, 2016. Gilens, Martin, and Benjamin I. Page. Testing Theories of American Politics: Elites, Interest Groups, and Average Citizens. Perspectives on Politics 12, no. 3 (2014): 564-581. Heywood, Andrew. Politics. Palgrave Macmillan, 2014. Sathel, Trevor. Pros and Cons: A Debaters Handbook. London: Routledge. 1999. Hill, Lisa. Compulsory Voting in Australia: A Basis for a Best Practice Regime. Federal Law Review 32 (2004): 479-497, http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/fedlr32div=30g_sent=1collection=journals Hill, Lisa. Low Voter Turnout in the United States Journal of Theoretical Politics 18(2): 207-232, http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0951629806061868 Hill, Lisa. Public Acceptance of Compulsory Voting: Explaining the Australian Case. Representation 46:4 (2010): 425-438http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00344893.2010.518089 Johnson, Angela . 76% of Americans are living paycheck-to-paycheck. CNNMoney, June 24, 2013. Martin Gilens, and Benjamin I. Page. Testing Theories of American Politics: Elites, Interest Groups, and Average Citizens. Perspectives on Politics 12, no. 3 (2014), 564-581. Sherman, Erik. America is the richest, and most unequal, nation. Fortune, September 30, 2015. [1] Trevor Sathel, Pros and Cons: A Debaters Handbook (London: Routledge, 1999), 75. [2] Martin Gilens, and Benjamin I. Page. Testing Theories of American Politics: Elites, Interest Groups, and Average Citizens. Perspectives on Politics 12, no. 3 (2014), 570-577. [3] Gilens and Page, Testing Theories of American Politics: Elites, Interest Groups, and Average Citizens.572-573. [4] Drew DeSilver, U.S. voter turnout trails most developed countries. Pew Research Center, August 02, 2016. [5] Erik Sherman, America is the richest, and most unequal, nation. Fortune, September 30, 2015. [6] Angela Johnson, 76% of Americans are living paycheck-to-paycheck. CNNMoney, June 24, 2013. [7] Gilens and Page, Testing Theories of American Politics: Elites, Interest Groups, and Average Citizens.565. [8] Gilens and Page, Testing Theories of American Politics: Elites, Interest Groups, and Average Citizens.566. [9] Gilens and Page, Testing Theories of American Politics: Elites, Interest Groups, and Average Citizens.565. [10] Gilens and Page, Testing Theories of American Politics: Elites, Interest Groups, and Average Citizens.565. [11] Katie Beck, Australia election: Why is voting compulsory? BBC News, August 27, 2013. [12] Lisa Hill, Low Voter Turnout in the United States Journal of Theoretical Politics 18(2): 228. http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0951629806061868 [13] Lisa Hill, Compulsory Voting in Australia: A Basis for a Best Practice Regime. Federal Law Review 32 (2004): 480, http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/fedlr32div=30g_sent=1collection=journals [14] Hill, Compulsory Voting in Australia: A Basis for a Best Practice Regime. 480. [15] Sathel, Pros and Cons: A Debaters Handbook, 75. [16] Hill, Compulsory Voting in Australia: A Basis for a Best Practice Regime. 497. [17] Andrew Heywood, Politics (Palgrave Macmillan, 2014), 86. [18] Sathel, Pros and Cons: A Debaters Handbook, 75. [19] Lisa Hill, Public Acceptance of Compulsory Voting: Explaining the Australian Case. Representation 46:4 (2010), 429, http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00344893.2010.518089 [20] Lisa Hill, Low Voter Turnout in the United States, 228.

Augustine St. Clare of Uncle Toms Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe Essay

   Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin leaves little room for interpretation of the author's moral point of view.   Yet, there remains one big moral question that is not as easily answered. This is the question of the character of Augustine St. Clare--a man who espouses great ideals on the evils of slavery,   yet continues to hold his own slaves.   Is he a hero because of his   beliefs or a villain because of his actions?   And just how important is this question to understanding and responding to the novel, as a whole?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   If St. Clare were a minor character, showing up in just a chapter or two, as another stereotype, i.e. the southern slaveholder who doesn't like slavery, he could almost be dismissed as just another interesting element, one more point of view, on the issue of slavery.   But St. Clare dominates over one third of this book--his speeches are Stowe's mouthpiece for her abolitionist politics.   He and his moral ambiguity cannot be dismissed.   In many ways, St. Clare is at the very center of this book.   Not just literally and chronologically, but morally.   Josephine Donovan calls St. Clare, "one of the most interesting characters in the novel" (79).   Elizabeth Ammons goes even further and calls him "the most tortured white man in the book" (175).   Here is a man who knows what is right and wrong, has the power to do something about it, but does not.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In many ways, St. Clare is like Thomas Jefferson, a man who spoke out for freedom, who espoused many ideals and even publicly criticized the institution of slavery, but continued to hold all of his slaves up until his death.   Jefferson... ...  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Uncle Tom's Cabin."   Criticism 31.4 (Fall 1989):   383-400. Lang, Amy Schrager.   "Slavery and Sentimentalism:   The Strange Career of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Augustine St. Clare."   Women's Studies 12.1 (1986):   31-54. Railton, Stephen.   "Mothers, Husbands, and Uncle Tom."   The Georgia   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Review   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   38.1 (Spring 1984):   129-144. Stowe, Harriet Beecher.   A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin:   Presenting the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Original Facts and Documents upon which the Story Is Founded.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   London:   Thomas Bosworth, 215 Regent Street, 1853. Stowe, Harriet Beecher.   Uncle Tom's Cabin; or, Life Among the Lowly.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Anthology of American Literature:   Volume I:   Colonial through   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Romantic.   Ed. George McMichael.   New York:   Macmillan Publishing,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1993.   1735-2052.   

The Importance of Caliban in William Shakespeares The Tempest Essay

The Importance of Caliban in William Shakespeare's The Tempest    'This thing of darkness, I must acknowledge mine.' Although many seem baffled by Shakespeare's The Tempest, the plot is not the target to be deciphered. We understand The Tempest through understanding the character of Caliban. Many works highlight the virtuous side of human nature, failing to acknowledge the darkness that lives within the hearts of all. The Tempest is not one of these works. This story realizes that it is impossible to have the good aspect of human nature without the bad. Caliban helps the reader realize that the difference between good and bad people is the way in which the hidden dark side manifests itself to the outside world. Ostensibly, The Tempest is a play based around Prospero: his power to punish versus his power to forgive. ?Many scholars believe that this is a semi-autobiographical work, written towards the end of Shakespeare's literary career?(Davidson 241). This idea is reinforced throughout the play, especially towards the end and in the epilogue: '...my ending is despair, Unless I be relieved by prayer.' And 'I'll break my staff, Bury it in certain fathoms in the earth, And deeper than did ever plummet sound I'll drown my book' (i.e. his tools that work the magic) Therefore, our understanding of Caliban's position in the play is of great import. Critics debate on whether his... ... Interpretation." In The Tempest: A Casebook. Ed. D.J. Palmer. London: Macmillan & Co. Ltd., 1968. 225-263. Kermode, Frank. Introduction. The Tempest. By William Shakespeare. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1958. xlii. Palmer, D. J. (Editor) The Tempest - A Selection of Critical Essays London: MacMillan Press Ltd., 1977. Shakespeare, William. The Tempest. The Riverside Shakespeare. Ed. G. Blakemore Evans, et. al. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1974. Solomon, Andrew. "A Reading of the Tempest." In Shakespeare's Late Plays. Ed. Richard C. Tobias and Paul G. Zolbrod. Athens: Ohio UP, 1974. 232-265 John Wilders' lecture on The Tempest given at Oxford University - Worcester College - August 4th, 1999.

Motivation and Work Performance

Research Questions How does the different types of motivation impact work performance? Is there a relationship between specific type of motivation and work performance? Motivation Motivation is not just a one-step concept. According to Krause, Bochner & Duchesne (2003) â€Å"Motivation involves the processes that energize, direct and sustain behavior. It can be thought of as an internal process that activates guides and maintains behavior overtime. † Intrinsic motivation can be defined as motivation based on taking pleasure in an activity rather than working towards an external reward.According to Akanbi (2001), people who are intrinsically motivated will be committed to the work to the extent to which the job inherently contains tasks that are awarding to them. Data around intrinsic motivation was first acknowledged within experimental studies of animal behavior. Deci and Ryan (2000) explain that scientists discovered that many organisms engage in exploratory, playful, and cu riosity-driven behaviors even in the absence of reinforcement or reward.Furthermore, Deci and Ryan (2000) further note that â€Å"these spontaneous behaviors, although clearly bestowing adaptive benefits on the organism, appear not to be done for any such instrumental reason, but rather for the positive experiences associated with exercising and extending ones capacities. † Some scientists argue that intrinsic motivation exists in a natural form, or state, at birth. Deci and Ryan (2000) note, â€Å" From birth onward, humans, in their healthiest states, are active, inquisitive, curious, and playful creatures, displaying a ubiquitous readiness to learn and explore, and they do not require extraneous incentives to do so. This leads to the idea that humans, at birth, begin to complete such activities like attempting to walk, talk and touch things due to intrinsic motivation. Kaplan et al (2007) agree with the above research â€Å"Intrinsic motivation is clearly visible in youn g infants, that consistently try to grasp, throw, bite, squash or shout at new objects they encounter. As a result, humans continue to grow and are intrinsically motivated to acquire hobbies like solving puzzles, reading and/or dancing.As maintained by some researchers, intrinsic motivation is not something that exists on its own; rather it can be diminished or improved by different factors. According to Deci and Ryan (2000), there are three psychological needs that motivate the self to initiate behavior and specify nutriments that are essential for psychological health and well-being of an individual. These needs are said to be universal, innate and psychological and include the need for competence autonomy, and psychological relatedness, forming the Self-Determination theory (SDT) (Insert source).Through SDT, motivation can then be viewed as a process that is taking place at a unit rather than a broader concept that encompasses all tasks. For example, a person could be intrinsical ly motivated to complete a particular task at a particular moment. On the other hand, a person could never be intrinsically motivated to complete a task at any given moment. Furthermore, Deci and Ryan (2000) further explain that the Cognitive Evaluation Theory (CET) specify the factors in social contexts that produce variability in intrinsic motivation.They state â€Å"CET, which is noted to be a sub-theory of SDT, contends that interpersonal events and structures that conduce toward feelings of competence during action can enhance intrinsic motivation for that action because they allow satisfaction of the basic psychological need for competence† (Deci & Ryan, 2000, p. 58). Based on the CET actions like positive feedback, freedom of choice and recognition can actually increase intrinsic motivation. On the other hand, negative feedback, threats and tangible rewards can decrease intrinsic motivation.Extrinsic Motivation Extrinsic motivation is what many deem as the complete opp osite of intrinsic motivation. Extrinsic motivation can be characterized as motivation based on the desire to expend effort to obtain outcomes external to the work itself, such as rewards or recognition (insert source). Akanbi (2001) notes that an extrinsically motivated person will be committed to the extent that he can gain or receive external rewards for his or her performance or completing of the task. Unlike intrinsic behavior, the haracteristics of extrinsic behavior cannot be traced to birth. â€Å"Indeed much of what people do is not, strictly speaking, intrinsically motivated, especially after early childhood when the freedom to be intrinsically motivated is increasingly curtailed by social pressures to do activities that are not interesting and to assume a variety of new responsibilities† ( Deci & Ryan, 2000, p. 71). Extrinsic motivation is not just stimulated by the receipt of tangible rewards or recognition, but it can also be driven be the fear of consequences an d negative rewards.For example, a person may not enjoy driving the posted speed limit, but he or she will drive the speed limit to avoid receiving a speeding ticket from the police. Yet, according to Deci and Ryan (2000) getting people to act and regulate their own behaviors without having to impose negative consequences up them deems to be a problem. â€Å"Internalization is the process of taking in a value or regulation, and integration is the process by which individuals more fully transform the regulation into their own so that it will emanate from their sense of self’ (Deci and Ryan, 2000, p. 60).To understand both extrinsic and intrinsic motivation, STD must be viewed as a continuum with progressions that range from amotivation, or a lack of wanting to do something to intrinsic motivation, doing something for joy of completing a task. Figure 1: In the article â€Å"Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations: Classic Definitions and New Directions† Deci and Ryan (2000) explain the continuum of SDT as a dynamic theory that progresses. External regulation can be summarized as the form of motivation where motivation is driven to fulfill an external demand. This behavior is controlled, or alienated, by the desire to obtain the external reward.Introjection describes a type of internal regulation that is still quite controlling because people perform such actions with the feeling of pressure in order to avoid guilt or anxiety or to attain ego-enhancements or pride. Put differently, introjection represents regulation by contingent self-esteem. A more autonomous, or self-determined, form of extrinsic motivation is regulation through identification. Here, the person has identified with the personal importance of a behavior and has thus accepted its regulation as his or her own. Finally, the most autonomous form of extrinsic motivation is integrated egulation. Integration occurs when identified regulations have been fully assimilated to the self. This occur s through self-examination and bringing new regulations into congruence with one’s other values and needs. The more one internalizes the reasons for an action and assimilates them to the self, the more one’s extrinsically motivated actions become self-determined. Motivation and Work Performance Birkinshaw (2010) gives motivation a new definition as it pertains to businesses and organizations, â€Å"it is what drives an individual to spend time and energy on a particular task or goal. High levels of motivations are directly connected to high levels of productivity. Increasing productivity is always a major goal of managers in any organization. In an effort to provide historical context, the management-employee relationships that exist today can be dated back to the Industrial Revolution. It was during this time period that people were able to work for themselves and offer their trade and skills as a means to earn income. Self-employed workers were able to control facto rs such as hours worked, working conditions, and wages.Birkinshaw (2010) adds that large corporations emerged in the 19th century and changed the way people viewed work. There was a major shift in work dynamics where employees began to be paid for inputs rather than outputs. So how did the traditional employment relationship in large industrial firms come to demotivate employees and drive out discretionary effort? Brikinshaw (2010) notes â€Å"extrinsic motivation emerged as the de facto norm within large, industrial companies in the early years of the 20th century, and intrinsic motivation is increasingly viewed as a desirable alternative as we move into the 21st century† (p. 50). Extrinsic motivators have long been thought both theoretically and practically, to affect employee motivation and performance (Bjorklund, 2001). A study of volunteer workers found that when they were paid for their efforts, they became increasingly materialistic and less inclined to work for free. Furthermore, Akanbi (2001) notes research the supported the assumption that workers to tend to perform more effectively if their wages are related to performance which is not based on personal bias or prejudice, but on objective evaluation of an employee’s merit.In a study conducted with 105 sales employees in two retail organizations findings indicated that to the extent that supervisors engaged in positive motivational behaviors, salespersons’ intrinsic motivations were increased, which, in turn, increased their performance. Furthermore, regression results in the relationship between performance and extrinsic motivation indicate that extrinsic motivation had negative relationship with salespersons’ work performance. As compared to extrinsic motivation, intrinsic motivation is shown to produce relatively a greater impact on performance. insert source) Also, Brikinshaw (2010) asserts studies have also shown that some motivators, particularly those concerned with working conditions and pay, or extrinsic factors, only have an effect up to a certain threshold. Renowned psychologist Frederick Herzberg called these â€Å"hygiene† factors because, like washing regularly, they are best suited to preventing ill – health in the workplace rather than as a means of generating good health. More recent studies show that interesting work and sense of accomplishment are some of the greatest motivators for an employee.While job satisfaction links to many different factors regarding an employee, an article in American Sociological Review finds that â€Å"Whether workers obtain intrinsic satisfaction†¦ will have the greatest single effect on their satisfaction with their jobs as a whole† (Kalleberg, 135). Greater job satisfaction has been repeatedly linked to less employee absence and lower turnover rates, both important factors to an organization's success. According to Dornbush & Fuller, â€Å"Intrinsic motivation often has been defined globally†¦ as the worker's overall level of job satisfaction† (3).This quote supports the notion that a relationship between intrinsic motivation, job satisfaction, and increased performance does exist. Furthermore, a recent theory, self-concordance, that examines the relationship of how strongly peoples’ reasons for pursuing goals are consistent with their interests and core values. This implies that people who seek to meet goals based on intrinsic motivators are more likely than those who pursue goals for extrinsic reasons. Based on research, intrinsic motivators are key in building and sustaining highly productive organizations and business.There is a direct correlation between intrinsic motivation and productivity. Kenneth Thomas (2010) suggests that managing intrinsic rewards in the crucial step for maintaining and attracting good workers. There will be still be room for extrinsic reward system in the workplace, but the majority or resources should be delegated to building internal and intrinsic motivators. My Reflection on How Extrinsic and Intrinsic Motivation and Work Performance Apply to Education According to David Dunaway (2005), â€Å"Few staff issues concern leaders more than motivation. As a leader, I need to be able to identify what factors are needed to be implemented within an organization to address motivational concerns. Based on my findings, it is obvious that intrinsic motivators should be addressed before any incentives or extrinsic motivators are implemented. As a leader, The Job Characteristics Model (JCM) provides a very concrete model that can be implemented school-wide in a timely manner to that approach and influence the motivation to perform. The table below addresses each of the core components and ways that I feel I could effectively implement each of the core components school-wide Core Component |Description according to Essentials of Organizational Behavior |Possible ways that I could implement the core | | | |component on as a school leader | |Skill Variety |The degree to which a job requires a variety of activities so the worker can use |Allow teachers to use their talents to implement | | |a number of different skills and talent |school-wide programs.Teachers could form can | | | |students organize clubs like a sewing club to display| | | |their talents and provide enrichment for students. |Task Identity |The degree to which a job requires completion of a whole and identifiable piece | | | |of work | | |Task Significance |The degree to which a job has an impact on the ives or work of other people. |Remind the staff on a consistent basis how each | | | |person’s work contributes to student achievement and | | | |eventually abettor society as a whole. |Autonomy |The degree to which a job provides the worker freedom, independence and |Classroom teachers cloud design their daily | | |discretion in scheduling the work and determining the procedures in carrying it |instr uctional schedule based around the needs of | | |out. |their students.For example, rather than requiring | | | |every teacher to teach Math daily for 90 minutes, | | | |allow teachers to have the freedom of deciding how | | | |many minutes to devote to Math instruction based on | | | |student needs. |Feedback |The degree to which carrying out work activities generate direct and clear |When performing teacher observations, guide teachers | | |information about your own performance. |in a process that allows them to look at student data| | | |as a feedback, rather than notes from me as an | | | |evaluator.For example, if a teacher teaches a | | | |concept and only 10% of the students demonstrate | | | |mastery, allows that teacher to reflect on student | | | |data as feedback rather than me aving to deliver the| | | |message that the lesson was ineffective. | If implemented correctly from a motivational standpoint, Judge and Robbins (2012) indicate that â€Å"individuals obtain inter nal rewards when they learn that they have personally have performed well on a task that they care about† (p. 91. ). References Akanbi, P. (2001). Influence of Extrinsic and Intrinsic Motivation on Employees’ Performance. ttp://www. ilo. org/public/english/iira/documents/congresses/regional/lagos2011/3rdparallel/session3b/motivationworker. pdf Retrieved 27 June 2012. Birkinshaw, Julian. Reinventing Management : Smarter Choices for Getting Work Done. Hoboken, NJ, USA: Wiley, 2010. p 172. Retrieved from: http://site. ebrary. com/lib/stthom/Doc? id=10469646=172 Bjorklund C (2001). Work Motivation: Studies of Determinants and Outcomes, Handelshogsk; Stockholm Deci, E. & Ryan, R. 2000) Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations: Classic Definitions and New Directions. Contemporary Educational Psychology 25, 54–67 Judge, T. & Robbins S. (2012) Essentials of Organizational Behavior, Eleventh Edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ Thomas, K. W. (2002). Intrinsic motivation at work: Bu ilding energy and commitment. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler Publishers, Inc. Walker, Kristen. Intrinsic Motivation in the Workplace Equals Higher Job Satisfaction

Electronic Health Records

In this paper this student will discuss the national mandate of electronic health records (EHR), and how this mandate is being implemented at the Cleveland Clinic Foundation. Also discussed are how Cleveland Clinic is progressing to achieve EHR, and what challenges this brings to patient confidentiality and self-determination. Lastly this student will provide information on the benefits of EHR in healthcare. According to Gunter & Terry (2005), â€Å"The electronic health record (EHR) is an evolving concept defined as a longitudinal collection of electronic health information about individual patients and populations. Primarily, it will be a mechanism for integrating health care information currently collected in both paper and electronic medical records (EMR) for the purpose of improving quality of care†. (p. 1). Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology (ONC), and the American Health Information Community (AHIC) were created to oversee the EHR mandate that was set in place by President George Bush in 2004 (Simborg, 2008, p. 127) This goal has now transitioned to our current President, Barack Obama, who also is setting the goal for the year 2014. Electronic health records are set to take place of traditional paper records with the help of this initiative. The ability to have every healthcare organization operating with electronic health records serves numerous benefits for not only patients but healthcare providers. Some of the benefits include, additional patient safety, ability to communicate and collaborate with other healthcare providers, and the longevity of electronic health records. Patient safety is at the utmost importance to healthcare providers, and EHR enables providers to have an in-depth history of their patients, leading to better care and treatment. Due to patients receiving care from many different health care providers, this can act as a barrier when trying to maintain a collaborative process. By adopting EHR this enables all providers to participate in the care of the patient. When discussing the longevity EHR serves in our society Tang, Ash, Bates, Overhage, & Sands (2006), states â€Å"The 2005 Hurricane Katrina disaster exposed the fragility of America's health information infrastructure. When confronted by a hurricane, an avian flu pandemic, or a bioterrorism attack, the public needs to be able to depend on reliable access to their health information† (p. 27). If healthcare corporations adopt EHR, there will be no threat of patient medical records disappearing. After stating the goals of EHR, and the benefits it serves, this student will now discuss how EHR is being utilized at the Cleveland Clinic Foundation. One could say that the Cleveland Clinic were innovators in EHR, being one of the first institutions to ado pt EHR more than eleven years ago. According to Cleveland Clinic (2012), EHR is â€Å"enabling physicians to actively collaborate and exchange information to ensure appropriate coordination of care throughout a patient’s life†. MyChart has also been a large milestone in development as part of Cleveland Clinics adoption of EHR. MyChart gives patients access to medical records, test results, and physician notes through a portal on the internet that can be accessed at home online. â€Å"MyChart, Cleveland Clinic’s secure, online patient-centered recording tool, connects patients to personalized health information at any time† (Cleveland Clinic, 2010). One benefit MyChart gives to patients is the ability for them to participate in decisions and their care. While analyzing Cleveland Clinics utilization and plans for EHR, this student was able to evaluate strengths and weaknesses. Some strengths of the Cleveland Clinics plans for EHR include their development and growth of the EHR system, the innovation developed into the current plan, and the ability to incorporate patients into their healthcare. Being that Cleveland Clinic was one of the first institutions to start the process of adopting EHR, they in return have the biggest ability to grow, and develop their system. Cleveland Clinic has shown such innovation in their process that other institutions have sought help from them for development of their own system. In an article by the Plain Dealer (Kleinerman, 2013) the chief information officer at Glens Falls Hospital, Joan McFaul stated â€Å"Our relationship with Cleveland Clinic will advance information technology best practices at GFH, and we will benefit by having access to a broad base of knowledge and the expertise of one of the country's premier health systems†. When Cleveland Clinic developed MyChart, this plays a role in the patient self-determination act, being that the patients constantly have the ability to be informed about their healthcare, and to take part in any decision making. A weakness of the EHR system in place at the Cleveland Clinic includes the risk of confidentiality. Even though the ability to access health records online has numerous benefits, the ability that such records could become hacked always poses a risk. The health records are protected by a username and password through the Cleveland Clinic website. With all of the technological advances it seems as though it is becoming easier and easier for unknown people to access personal information. This student believes that more precautions should be taken when a patient’s confidentiality is at risk. This student also believes more information should be needed to access health records online, instead of just a username and password that provides little security. After reviewing the EHR mandate, and the benefits it serves to healthcare institutions, this student believes that if more institutions adopted this system it would ultimately give better patient care. Also after further research into Cleveland Clinics development of EHR, this student feels the growth of this system in endless. While there are some flaws to this system, with time EHR at Cleveland Clinic could ultimately become one of the nation’s leaders that other institutions wish to learn from.